比尔盖茨：萨尔·可汗再次引领教育创新

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　　来lái源：比bǐ尔ěr盖gài茨cí

　　当dāngGPT-4o上shàng周发fā布时shí，整zhěng个gè互联lián网（乃至全quán世界jiè）的de人rén们men都dōu为wèi之zhī震惊。之zhī前qián与yǔAI对duì话huà总感gǎn觉jué有yǒu些xiē不bù真zhēn实shí，但dànOpenAI的de最zuì新xīn模mó型会huì让ràng你nǐ觉jué得是shì在zài与yǔ真zhēn人rén对duì话huà。你nǐ可kě以yǐ真zhēn正zhèng与yǔ它tā交jiāo谈，它tā也yě会huì毫无延迟地dì回应你nǐ。它tā是shì迄今jīn为wèi止我wǒ们men见jiàn过的de最zuì逼真zhēn的deAI，其qí应用yòng场景是shì无限的de。我wǒ首先xiān想xiǎng到dào的de就jiù是shì它tā将jiāng给课kè堂táng带来lái多duō大的de改gǎi变biàn，想xiǎng象xiàng一yī下xià，每měi个gè学xué生shēng都dōu会huì有yǒu一yī个gè由yóu这zhè项xiàng技jì术驱qū动dòng的de个gè人rén辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán。

　　我wǒ最zuì近读dú了一yī本关guān于yú这zhè个gè话huà题tí的de好hǎo书——《勇敢新xīn语yǔ（Brave New Words）》。这zhè本书的de作zuò者zhě是shì我wǒ的de朋péng友（同时shí也yě是shì播客kè嘉宾）萨sà尔ěr·可kě汗hàn（Sal Khan），一yī位教jiào育yù创chuàng新xīn的de先xiān驱qū。早在zài2006年，萨sà尔ěr就jiù创chuàng办bàn了可kě汗hàn学xué院，旨在zài将jiāng他tā为wèi家jiā人rén制作zuò的de辅fǔ导dǎo内nèi容分fēn享给更gèng广泛的de受众。从那时shí起qǐ，他tā的de在zài线教jiào育yù平台已经jīng帮助zhù了全quán球超过1.5亿人rén，也yě包括我wǒ和hé我wǒ的de孩子zi们men。

　　早在zài最zuì近的deAI热潮cháo之zhī前qián，我wǒ就jiù认为wèi他tā是shì一yī位有yǒu远见jiàn的de人rén。当dāng得知zhī他tā在zài写xiě这zhè本书时shí，我wǒ就jiù迫不bù及待地dì想xiǎng要yào阅读dú。如rú我wǒ所料liào，《勇敢新xīn语yǔ》是shì一yī部bù大师shī级作zuò品。

　　萨sà尔ěr逐zhú章向读dú者zhě介绍了他tā对duìAI在zài教jiào育yù领域yù诸多duō应用yòng的de预测——有yǒu些xiē在zài本书成书后已经jīng实shí现xiàn。他tā的de主要yào论lùn点diǎn是shì：AI将jiāng从根本上shàng改gǎi善学xué生shēng的de学xué习xí成果guǒ和hé教jiào师shī的de教jiào学xué体验yàn，并bìng帮助zhù开kāi创chuàng一yī个gè人rén人rén都dōu能néng接受世界jiè一yī流教jiào育yù的de未来lái。

　　你nǐ可kě能néng会huì持怀疑态度dù，尤其qí是shì如rú果guǒ你nǐ和hé我wǒ一yī样，已经jīng关guān注zhù教jiào育yù技jì术（EdTech）运动dòng有yǒu一yī段时shí间了。几十年来lái，各种zhǒng令lìng人rén兴奋的de技jì术和hé创chuàng新xīn频pín频pín登上shàng新xīn闻头条，也yě常伴随suí着类lèi似的de大胆承诺，宣称要yào彻底改gǎi变biàn我wǒ们men所知zhī道dào的de学xué习xí和hé教jiào学xué方fāng式——结果guǒ却què只zhǐ在zài课kè堂táng上shàng产生shēng了一yī些xiē边缘化huà的de影响。

　　但dàn借鉴他tā打造Khanmigo（一yī个gè由yóuAI驱qū动dòng的de辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán）的de经jīng验yàn，萨sà尔ěr提tí出chū了一yī个gè令lìng人rén信服的de论lùn点diǎn，即jíAI驱qū动dòng的de技jì术将jiāng会huì有yǒu所不bù同。这zhè是shì因yīn为wèi我wǒ们men终于yú有yǒu了一yī种zhǒng方fāng法fǎ，可kě以yǐ为wèi每měi个gè学xué生shēng提tí供那种zhǒng之zhī前qián大多duō数shù课kè堂táng和hé孩子zi都dōu无法fǎ获huò得的de个gè性化huà学xué习xí、支zhī持和hé指导dǎo。正zhèng如rú萨sà尔ěr所说，“为wèi每měi个gè学xué生shēng配备一yī个gè专属的de、随suí叫随suí到dào的de人rén类lèi辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán，成本太高了。”而érAI辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán则不bù然rán。

　　想xiǎng象xiàng一yī下xià：你nǐ是shì一yī名七年级学xué生shēng，数shù学xué成绩jī跟不bù上shàng。但dàn现xiàn在zài，你nǐ身边有yǒu了一yī个gè像萨sà尔ěr描述shù的deAI辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán。当dāng你nǐ在zài做zuò一yī组具有yǒu挑战zhàn的de分fēn数shù计jì算suàn题tí时shí，它tā不bù会huì直接给你nǐ答案àn，而ér是shì将jiāng每měi个gè问题tí分fēn解成可kě理lǐ解的de步骤。当dāng你nǐ困在zài难点diǎn时shí，它tā会huì给你nǐ提tí供易于yú理lǐ解的de解释，并bìng在zài正zhèng确的de方fāng向上shàng轻轻推你nǐ一yī下xià。当dāng你nǐ最zuì终解出chū答案àn时shí，它tā会huì生shēng成有yǒu针对duì性的de练习xí题tí，帮助zhù你nǐ建jiàn立理lǐ解和hé信心。

　　在zàiAI辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán的de帮助zhù下xià，历史shǐ知zhī识shí可kě以yǐ变biàn得栩栩如rú生shēng。当dāng你nǐ学xué习xí亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln）在zài内nèi战zhàn期qī间的de领导dǎo力lì时shí，你nǐ甚至可kě以yǐ与yǔ第16任总统本人rén进jìn行xíng“对duì话huà”。（正zhèng如rú萨sà尔ěr在zài书中展示的de，与yǔ我wǒ最zuì喜欢的de文wén学xué人rén物之zhī一yī杰伊·盖gài茨cí比bǐ（Jay Gatsby）对duì话huà也yě是shì一yī种zhǒng选xuǎn择。）

　　当dāng需xū要yào写xiě论lùn文wén时shí，不bù必bì担dān心那令lìng人rén畏惧的de空白页。相反fǎn，你nǐ的deAI辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán会huì通过启发fā思路lù的de提tí问，帮助zhù你nǐ进jìn行xíng头脑风暴。你nǐ会huì在zài几秒miǎo钟zhōng内nèi得到dào针对duì你nǐ论lùn文wén提tí纲的de反fǎn馈，包括完善逻luó辑jí的de建jiàn议或huò需xū要yào更gèng多duō研究的de地dì方fāng。在zài你nǐ撰写xiě初chū稿时shí，AI导dǎo师shī会huì实shí时shí评估你nǐ的de写xiě作zuò（没méi有yǒu这zhè种zhǒng技jì术就jiù做zuò不bù到dào这zhè点diǎn），并bìng指出chū你nǐ可kě以yǐ阐明观点diǎn、提tí供更gèng多duō论lùn据jù或huò进jìn行xíng一yī些xiē辩述shù。在zài你nǐ提tí交jiāo之zhī前qián，它tā会huì给出chū详细的de建jiàn议，以yǐ改gǎi进jìn你nǐ的de用yòng语yǔ并bìng突出chū你nǐ的de论lùn点diǎn。

　　这zhè算suàn是shì作zuò弊吗？

　　这zhè是shì一yī个gè复杂的de问题tí，且并bìng没méi有yǒu一yī刀dāo切的de答案àn。萨sà尔ěr指出chū，与yǔ朋péng友讨论lùn想xiǎng法fǎ、请家jiā人rén对duì作zuò品进jìn行xíng点diǎn评、使shǐ用yòng像Grammarly这zhè样的de拼pīn写xiě检查器qì和hé工gōng具（可kě以yǐ改gǎi写xiě整zhěng个gè句子zi）在zài今jīn天tiān的de大多duō数shù标准下xià都dōu不bù被bèi视shì为wèi作zuò弊。同样，如rú果guǒ使shǐ用yòng得当dāng，AI不bù是shì为wèi学xué生shēng工gōng作zuò，而ér是shì与yǔ他tā们men合作zuò，推动dòng那些xiē可kě能néng会huì让ràng他tā们men陷入rù困境的de事shì情向前qián发fā展。根据jù萨sà尔ěr的de说法fǎ，这zhè就jiù是shì为wèi什么me很hěn多duō最zuì初chū禁止在zài课kè堂táng上shàng使shǐ用yòngAI的de教jiào育yù工gōng作zuò者zhě现xiàn在zài都dōu鼓励lì学xué生shēng使shǐ用yòng它tā。

　　毕竟几年后，掌握AI可kě不bù仅仅是shì锦上shàng添花——对duì于yú许xǔ多duō职业yè来lái说，这zhè将jiāng是shì必bì要yào的de。能néng够高效使shǐ用yòngAI的de员yuán工gōng将jiāng比bǐ那些xiē不bù会huì使shǐ用yòngAI的de员yuán工gōng更gèng有yǒu价值。通过将jiāng这zhè项xiàng技jì术融入rù教jiào育yù，我wǒ们men不bù仅会huì改gǎi善学xué生shēng的de学xué习xí体验yàn和hé成果guǒ，还hái在zài为wèi他tā们men未来lái的de工gōng作zuò做zuò准备——这zhè些xiē工gōng作zuò随suí着AI的de加jiā入rù将jiāng变biàn得更gèng加jiā愉快和hé充实shí。

　　这zhè也yě包括教jiào学xué。每měi次出chū现xiàn变biàn革性的de创chuàng新xīn时shí，都dōu会huì有yǒu对duì机器qì抢走人rén类lèi工gōng作zuò的de担dān忧出chū现xiàn。但dàn在zài教jiào育yù方fāng面miàn，我wǒ同意萨sà尔ěr的de观点diǎn：AI工gōng具和hé辅fǔ导dǎo员yuán永yǒng远不bù能néng，也yě不bù应该取代dài教jiào师shī。AI应该做zuò的de是shì支zhī持和hé赋能néng教jiào师shī。

　　迄今jīn为wèi止，大多duō数shù教jiào育yù技jì术解决方fāng案àn或huò许xǔ都dōu很hěn优秀，却què都dōu没méi有yǒu显著zhe减jiǎn轻教jiào师shī的de负担dān。但dàn有yǒu了AI，他tā们men就jiù可kě以yǐ拥有yǒu一yī个gè超人rén般的de助zhù教jiào，来lái处理lǐ备课kè和hé打分fēn等日常工gōng作zuò——这zhè些xiē工gōng作zuò几乎会huì占据jù一yī个gè普pǔ通教jiào师shī半bàn天tiān的de时shí间。只zhǐ需xū几秒miǎo钟zhōng，AI助zhù教jiào就jiù能néng批改gǎi完拼pīn写xiě测试，或huò创chuàng建jiàn一yī个gè将jiāng工gōng业yè革命与yǔ时shí事shì联lián系起qǐ来lái的de课kè程计jì划。它tā甚至可kě以yǐ监控每měi个gè学xué生shēng的de学xué习xí进jìn度dù，并bìng向教jiào师shī提tí供即jí时shí反fǎn馈，从而ér开kāi创chuàng个gè性化huà学xué习xí的de新xīn时shí代dài。

　　有yǒu了AI助zhù手处理lǐ琐碎事shì务，教jiào师shī就jiù可kě以yǐ专注zhù于yú他tā们men最zuì擅长的de工gōng作zuò：激励lì学xué生shēng、建jiàn立关guān系，并bìng确保bǎo每měi个gè学xué生shēng都dōu能néng感gǎn到dào自zì己被bèi看见jiàn和hé支zhī持，尤其qí是shì那些xiē需xū要yào额外帮助zhù的de孩子zi。

　　当dāng然rán，将jiāngAI大规guī模mó引入rù学xué校也yě面miàn临lín许xǔ多duō挑战zhàn，萨sà尔ěr对duì此cǐ也yě直言yán不bù讳。我wǒ们men需xū要yào能néng保bǎo护学xué生shēng隐私sī和hé减jiǎn少偏见jiàn的de系统。要yào让ràng每měi个gè孩子zi都dōu能néng获huò得使shǐ用yòngAI所需xū的de设shè备和hé网络连接，还hái有yǒu很hěn多duō工gōng作zuò要yào做zuò。没méi有yǒu哪种zhǒng技jì术是shì教jiào育yù的de灵丹dān妙药yào。但dàn我wǒ相信，AI可kě以yǐ在zài课kè堂táng、职场及其qí它tā领域yù改gǎi变biàn游戏规guī则，发fā挥巨大的de平等作zuò用yòng。

　　我wǒ最zuì近参观了新xīn泽zé西州纽niǔ瓦克的de第一yī大道dào学xué校，那里正zhèng在zài试点diǎn使shǐ用yòngKhanmigo。虽然rán还hái处于yú初chū期qī阶jiē段，但dàn我wǒ仍réng惊叹于yú能néng够亲qīn眼目睹AI如rú何hé应用yòng于yú课kè堂táng教jiào学xué，并bìng与yǔ已经jīng从中获huò益的de学xué生shēng和hé老师shī交jiāo流。这zhè种zhǒng感gǎn觉jué就jiù像窥见jiàn了未来lái。没méi有yǒu人rén比bǐ萨sà尔ěr·可kě汗hàn更gèng了解未来lái教jiào育yù的de发fā展方fāng向，因yīn此cǐ我wǒ强烈推荐这zhè本《勇敢新xīn语yǔ》。

　　When GPT-4o launched last week， people across the internet （and the world） were blown away． Talking to AI has always felt a bit surreal—but OpenAI’s latest model feels like talking to a real person． You can actually speak to it， and have it talk back to you， without lags． It’s as lifelike as any AI we’ve seen so far， and the use cases are limitless． One of the first that came to my mind was how big a game-changer it will be in the classroom． Imagine every student having a personal tutor powered by this technology．

　　I recently read a terrific book on this topic called Brave New Words． It’s written by my friend （and podcast guest） Sal Khan， a longtime pioneer of innovation in education． Back in 2006， Sal founded Khan Academy to share the tutoring content he’d created for younger family members with a wider audience． Since then， his online educational platform has helped teach over 150 million people worldwide—including me and my kids．

　　Well before this recent AI boom， I considered him a visionary． When I learned he was writing this book， I couldn’t wait to read it． Like I expected， Brave New Words is a masterclass．

　　Chapter by chapter， Sal takes readers through his predictions—some have already come true since the book was written—for AI’s many applications in education． His main argument： AI will radically improve both student outcomes and teacher experiences， and help usher in a future where everyone has access to a world-class education．

　　You might be skeptical， especially if you—like me—have been following the EdTech movement for a while． For decades， exciting technologies and innovations have made headlines， accompanied by similarly bold promises to revolutionize learning and teaching as we know it—only to make a marginal impact in the classroom．

　　But drawing on his experience creating Khanmigo， an AI-powered tutor， Sal makes a compelling case that AI-powered technologies will be different． That’s because we finally have a way to give every student the kind of personalized learning， support， and guidance that’s historically been out of reach for most kids in most classrooms． As Sal puts it， “Getting every student a dedicated on-call human tutor is cost prohibitive．” AI tutors， on the other hand， aren’t．

　　Picture this： You‘re a seventh-grade student who struggles to keep up in math． But now， you have an AI tutor like the one Sal describes by your side． As you work through a challenging set of fraction problems， it won’t just give you the answer—it breaks each problem down into digestible steps． When you get stuck， it gives you easy-to-understand explanations and a gentle nudge in the right direction． When you finally get the answer， it generates targeted practice questions that help build your understanding and confidence．

　　And with the help of an AI tutor， the past comes to life in remarkable ways． While learning about Abraham Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War， you can have a “conversation” with the 16th president himself． （As Sal demonstrates in the book， conversations with one of my favorite literary figures， Jay Gatsby， are also an option．）

　　When the time comes to write your essay， don’t worry about the dreaded blank page． Instead， your AI tutor asks you thought-starters to help brainstorm． You get feedback on your outline in seconds， with tips to improve the logic or areas where you need more research． As you draft， the tutor evaluates your writing in real-time—almost impossible without this technology—and shows where you might clarify your ideas， provide more evidence， or address a counterargument． Before you submit， it gives detailed suggestions to refine your language and sharpen your points．

　　Is this cheating？

　　It’s a complicated question， and there’s no one-size-fits-all answer． Sal notes that bouncing ideas off friends， asking family members to critique work， and using spellcheckers and tools like Grammarly—which can rephrase entire sentences—aren’t considered cheating today by most measures． Similarly， when used right， AI doesn’t work for students but with them to move something forward that they might otherwise get stuck on． That’s why， according to Sal， a lot of educators who first banned AI from class are now encouraging students to use it．

　　After all， mastery of AI won’t just be nice to have in a few years—for many professions， it’ll be necessary． Employees who can use AI effectively will be far more valuable than those who can’t． By incorporating this technology into education， we‘re both improving students’ experiences and outcomes and preparing them for the jobs of the future—which will become more enjoyable and fulfilling with AI in the mix．

　　That includes teaching． With every transformative innovation， there are fears of machines taking jobs． But when it comes to education， I agree with Sal： AI tools and tutors never can and never should replace teachers． What AI can do， though， is support and empower them．

　　Until now， most EdTech solutions， as great as they may be， haven’t meaningfully made teachers’ lives easier． But with AI， they can have a superhuman teaching assistant to handle routine tasks like lesson planning and grading—which take up almost half of a typical teacher‘s day． In seconds， an AI assistant can grade spelling tests or create a lesson plan connecting the Industrial Revolution to current events． It can even monitor each student’s progress and give teachers instant feedback， allowing for a new era of personalized learning．

　　With AI assistants handling the mundane stuff， teachers can focus on what they do best： inspiring students， building relationships， and making sure everyone feels seen and supported—especially kids who need a little extra help．

　　Of course， there are challenges involved in bringing AI into schools at scale， and Sal is candid about them． We need systems that protect student privacy and mitigate biases． And there’s still a lot to do so that every kid has access to the devices and connectivity they need to use AI in the first place． No technology is a silver bullet for education． But I believe AI can be a game-changer and great equalizer in the classroom， the workforce， and beyond．

　　I recently visited First Avenue School in Newark， New Jersey， where Khanmigo is currently being piloted． We’re still in the early days， but it was amazing to see firsthand how AI can be used in the classroom—and to speak with students and teachers who are already reaping the benefits． It felt like catching a glimpse of the future． No one understands where education is headed better than Sal Khan， and I can‘t recommend Brave New Words enough．